The state and the law of Russia: the transformation of the institution of advocacy at the turn of the century (late XIX – 20s of XX centuries.).

Romanova Irina Vladimirovna

On November 20, 1864, Emperor Alexander II Most highly approved the "Establishment of Judicial Institutions", which determined the legal status of lawyers - sworn attorneys, along with which private attorneys were engaged in conducting civil and criminal cases. The organization of the Russian legal profession was based on the principles of combining law enforcement with representation in court, estate organization and disciplinary subordination to the courts; contractual determination of the amount of the fee. It can be argued that, in general, the functions and organizational and legal foundations of the activity of the bar remained unchanged until the autumn of 1917, when, as a result of revolutionary events and political instability, along with the judicial system, the institute of the Russian bar was liquidated. The article discusses the reasons for the revival and mechanisms of the activities of the College of human rights defenders, ways to identify and combat the "underground advocacy".

Keywords:advocacy, sworn attorneys, secret advocates, underground advocacy, criminal law, domestic jurisprudence, judicial system.