HLA-system and its role in mission of pregnancy

Maximova Polina Evgenievna, Rumyantseva Zoya Sergeevna, Sulima Anna Nikolaevna, Anikin Sergey Sergeevich

An urgent problem of modern obstetrics is miscarriage, the frequency of miscarriage is 10-25% of all pregnancies. The relevance of the problem is due to the fact that it determines the level of perinatal mortality and morbidity. After exclusion of genetic (translocation - 2-10%, inversion - 5%, mosaicism - 21.7%), anatomical (intrauterine septum - 55%, bicornuate uterus - 10%, two uterus - 5%, unicornuate uterus - 20%, uterine myoma - 30-75%, intrauterine synechia - 13.2%, isthmicocervical insufficiency in combination with genital infantilism - 40%), hormonal (inferior luteal phase, congenital adrenal hyperplasia) causes of miscarriage [1] remain cases of unclear etiology, about 80% of them are regarded as a consequence of the influence of immunological factors [2]. Due to impaired expression of immunological factors, reproductive losses are possible [2]. In this case, a special role is assigned to a group of genes located on the short arm of the 6th chromosome, encoding the production of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in the body. The HLA system plays a huge role in the implementation of the immune response, ensuring the interaction of the body's immunocompetent cells, including during pregnancy. For normal pregnancy, the mother's body must maintain immunological tolerance to the fetus. The fetus, from the point of view of immunology, is an allograft, since the placenta and embryo consist of half of the genetic material of the father, which differs from the mother's organism [2]. Pregnancy is a unique phenomenon of transplantation immunology, which consists in the “peaceful coexistence” of the maternal organism and the semi-allogenic fetus. An important role in this process is played by the HLA system, which will be discussed in this article.

Keywords:HLA system, miscarriage, causes of miscarriage.