DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS AND BIOMARKERS OF NEUROINFLAMMATION IN POSTCOVOID SYNDROME (LITERATURE REVIEW). PART II

Nikiforov Igor Anatolyevich, Chernobrovkina Tamara Vasilyevna, Kostyuk Georgy Petrovich, Kondratyuk Marina Gennadievna, Burygina Larisa Andreevna, Belova Maya Yurievna, Kardashian Ruslan Antranikovich, Igumnov Sergey Alexandrovich, Istomina Victoria Vitalievna, Kochina Anastasia Olegovna

Neuroinflammation is a complex pathophysiological process underlying a wide range of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, the effects of ischemic stroke, and kidney syndrome. This article examines the current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that initiate and support neuroinflammation. Special attention is paid to the role of glionic resident cells (microglia and astrocytes) as central regulators of the immune response and the central nervous system. Key signaling pathways, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines mediating communication between immune and neuronal cells are described. The dual role of neuroinflammation is analyzed: protection at the early stages of damage and destructive during chronic activation. Understanding these mechanisms is clinically important for developing new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:neuroinflammation, microglia, astroglia, microbiota, blood-brain barrier, mast cells, cytokines, chemokines