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The Qadiriya tariqa originated at the end of the 13th century in Iraq. Its founders were the descendants of Abdul-Qadir al-Gilani (1077-1166). The name of the fraternity is associated with the name of its founder. The Qadiriya belongs to the 12 maternal tariqas, whose spiritual roots go back to the Prophet Muhammad through Ali ibn Abu Talib or Abu Bakr. The Tariqa adheres to Sunni principles and follows the teachings of Junaid and his rationalistic school of Sufism. Kadiriya has never been a single organization. It unites various groups of followers united by the veneration of Abd al-Qadir— the saint and patron saint, who, according to tradition, continues to lead the brotherhood through intermediaries. Some groups even attribute divine qualities to him. The social composition of Kadiriya is diverse. There is no strictly regulated mystical path or obligatory rituals in the tariqa. The only thing that unites its members is the dedication on behalf of Abd al-Qadir. The practice of qadiriyah includes collective blessings (sama, khadra, leylia), quiet and loud dhikr. Members of the brotherhood wear small felt hats with a green rose, which symbolizes their membership in the tariqa. The main holiday of Kadiriya is the annual celebrations in honor of the founder. The organizational structure of the qadiriya is based on independent monasteries (khanaka, ribat, zawiya, tekke), the leadership of which is traditionally inherited. The main monastery of Qadiriya is located in Baghdad and includes a madrasah, ribat and mosque over the grave of Abdul-Qadir. The spread of qadiriya began in the 14th century. The first communities appeared in Iraq and Syria, then in Yemen. In the 18th century, Tariqa reached Indonesia, and by the 20th century, the Malacca Peninsula. In the 15th century, qadiriyya monasteries appeared in Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and the Hejaz. In the 16th century — in the Maghreb and Black Africa (modern Sudan, Senegal, Guinea, Niger).
Keywords:Islam, Sufism, tariqa, qadiriya, sharia, murshid, murid, sheikh, muqaddam, maqam, silsila, marifat, hakiqat
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