ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY: MODERNIZATION AND PROTECTIONISM

Zhao Fan

In the first half of the 19th century, the economic policy of the Russian Empire underwent complex transformations driven by internal and external factors. The government aimed at modernizing the economy through protectionist measures, industrial development, and infrastructure expansion. This article analyzes key reforms and economic strategies implemented during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I, as well as their impact on the socio-economic development of the country. Special attention is given to the role of state regulation, the development of foreign trade, and the influence of international market conditions.

Keywords:modernization, protectionism, industry, economic policy, trade, state regulation.